Compound Index

Endogenous tripeptide that binds Cu²⁺ with high affinity. Activates fibroblasts via the TGF-β pathway and upregulates synthesis of collagen types I and III. Research demonstrates modulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs), relevant to connective tissue homeostasis.

Synthetic oleanane triterpenoid that covalently modifies Keap1 cysteine residues, preventing Keap1-mediated Nrf2 ubiquitination. Released Nrf2 translocates to the nucleus and drives ARE-dependent transcription of antioxidant enzymes including HO-1, NQO1, and glutathione synthetase.

Fifteen-amino-acid sequence derived from human gastric juice protein BPC. Research demonstrates upregulation of VEGF and its receptor VEGFR2, supporting angiogenic activity. Modulates nitric oxide synthesis and shows affinity for the growth hormone receptor in rodent models.

Synthetic fragment of the 43-amino-acid Thymosin β-4, abundant in platelets and wound tissue. Sequesters G-actin monomers via its LKKTET motif, regulating cytoskeletal dynamics. Promotes cell migration in scratch-wound assays via PI3K/Akt signaling.

Synthetic tetrapeptide (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly) based on the pineal secretion Epithalamin. In vitro studies report activation of telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) in somatic cells. Also studied for regulation of melatonin biosynthesis via modulation of pinealocyte activity.

Coenzyme in hundreds of redox reactions, cycling between NAD⁺ (oxidized) and NADH (reduced) forms. Also a direct substrate for sirtuins and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs), linking it to chromatin regulation and DNA damage response. Intracellular NAD⁺ levels decline measurably with age and metabolic stress.

Heptapeptide derived from the 4–10 sequence of ACTH, with a Pro-Gly-Pro C-terminal extension that confers enzymatic stability. Research in rodent models demonstrates dose-dependent increase in BDNF mRNA in hippocampal tissue and modulation of the BDNF/TrkB signaling axis.

Sixteen-amino-acid peptide encoded within the 12S rRNA region of mitochondrial DNA — one of the first mitokines identified. Activates AMPK following one-carbon metabolic stress, affecting downstream mTOR and gluconeogenic pathways. In vivo rodent studies show improved insulin sensitivity and metabolic flexibility.